Desfechos clínicos e microbiológicos no uso de cateter venoso periférico: subsídios para assistência segura ao paciente / Clinical and microbiological outcomes in the use of peripheral venous catheters: subsidies for safe patient care

Os cateteres venosos periféricos (CVP) são produtos para saúde (PPS) comumente utilizados em pacientes hospitalizados para administração de fluidos, medicamentos, e monitoramento hemodinâmico. No entanto, podem representar fonte potencial de contaminação microbiana, formação de biofilme e infecção. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar indicadores clínicos e microbiológicos associados ao uso do CVP. Trata-se de um estudo observacional realizado em duas etapas: Etapa I - Seguimento longitudinal prospectivo dos pacientes hospitalizados em uso contínuo de CVP flexível com a caracterização dos pacientes submetidos à cateterização venosa periférica, bem como frequência dos sinais e sintomas de agravos associados ao uso de CVP. Além disso, a Etapa II - Avaliação das condições microbiológicas, incluindo a presença de biofilme em CVP flexíveis dos pacientes hospitalizados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), e a associação entre os aspectos clínicos dos pacientes com os microbiológicos em diferentes locais dos CVP flexíveis (superfícies internas e externas). O seguimento longitudinal prospectivo de 67 pacientes hospitalizados em uso contínuo de CVP flexível, bem como a coleta das amostras de CVP flexíveis foram realizados em unidades de internação do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. Antes da avaliação microbiológica, todas as amostras de CVP flexíveis foram examinadas em termos de integridade e aparência (sujidade). A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de qui-quadrado (x2) de Pearson com α=5%. Os 67 pacientes hospitalizados eram de ambos os sexos, média de idade de 55,8 anos, com tempo médio de permanência do CVP flexível de 43,0h. Ainda, em relação aos locais de inserção dos CVP flexíveis, 98,5% estavam em membros superiores: braços (44,7%), mãos (35,8%) e antebraços (17,0%), e destes, 75,0% apresentavam cobertura (curativo adesivo) transparente. Aproximadamente, um em cada quadro pacientes apresentou sinais e sintomas de agravos associados ao uso do CVP flexível. Staphylococcus spp foram os micro-organismos mais prevalente nas amostras. Além disso, não houve associação entre a avaliação clínica e a presença nas superfícies internas e externas de micro-organismo no CVP flexível, respectivamente (x² =1,522; gl=1; p=0,217) e (x²=2,405; gl=1; p=0,121). A MEV evidenciou diferenças morfológicas (textura e espessura) entre as camadas das superfícies internas e externas dos CVP flexíveis, bem como a presença de célula epitelial, matéria orgânica, extensa rede de fibrina com células sanguíneas e bactéria na forma de bastonete. Em conclusão, esta pesquisa permitiu o avanço do conhecimento acerca do uso do CVP flexível e a assistência segura ao paciente, bem como inferir que estes PPS são fonte potencial de contaminação microbiana nas superfícies internas e externas com a formação de biofilme. Entretanto, não houve associação entre os desfechos clínicos e microbiológicos quanto ao uso de CVP flexível

Peripheral venous catheters (PVC) are health products (HP) commonly used in hospitalized patients to administer fluids, medications, and hemodynamic monitoring. However, they can represent a potential source of microbial contamination, biofilm formation and infection. The objective of this research was to evaluate clinical and microbiological indicators associated with the use of PVC. This is an observational study carried out in two stages: Step I - Prospective longitudinal follow-up of hospitalized patients on continuous use of flexible PVC with the characterization of patients undergoing peripheral venous catheterization, as well as the frequency of signs and symptoms of injuries associated with the use of PVC. In addition, Step II - Assessment of microbiological conditions, including the presence of biofilms in flexible PVC from patients hospitalized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the association between the clinical aspects of patients and the microbiological aspects in different locations of flexible PVC (internal and external surfaces). The prospective longitudinal follow-up of 67 hospitalized patients in continuous use of flexible PVC, as well as the collection of flexible PVC samples were performed in inpatient units at Clinical Hospital, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Before the microbiological evaluation, all flexible PVC samples were examined for integrity and appearance (dirt). Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-square test (x2) with α=5%. The 67 hospitalized patients were of both sexes, with a mean age of 55.8 years, with a mean length of stay of the flexible PVC of 43.0h. Moreover, in relation to the flexible PVC insertion sites, 98.5% were in the upper limbs: arms (44.7%), hands (35.8%) and forearms (17.0%), and of these, 75.0% had a transparent dressing (adhesive bandage). Approximately one in every patient presented signs and symptoms of injuries associated with the use of flexible PVC. Staphylococcus spp. were the most prevalent microorganisms in the samples. In addition, there was no association between clinical evaluation and the presence on the internal and external surfaces of microorganisms in the flexible PVC, respectively (x²=1.522; gl=1; p=0.217) and (x²=2.405; gl=1; p=0.121). SEM showed morphological differences (texture and thickness) between the layers of the internal and external surfaces of flexible PVC, as well as the presence of an epithelial cell, organic matter, extensive fibrin network with blood cells and bacteria in the form of a rod. In conclusion, this research allowed the advancement of knowledge about the use of flexible PVC and safe patient care, as well as inferring that these HP are a potential source of microbial contamination on the internal and external surfaces with the biofilm formation. However, there was no association between clinical and microbiological outcomes regarding the use of flexible PVC

Riesgo de bacteriemia asociada a dispositivos intravasculares estratificados por peso de nacimiento en recién nacidos de un hospital público de alta complejidad: seguimiento de siete años / Risk of bacteremia associated with intravascular devices stratified by birth weight in born of a public hospital of high complexity: follow-up to seven years

Introduction: Bacteremia associated to vascular catheters is the most frequent nosocomial infection in Neonatal Intensive Care Units and increases cost and mortality. Objective : To know the risk of bacteremia related to vascular devices in hospitalized newborns, stratified by birth weight. Method: A surveillance system was established considering birth weight and type of catheters in order to detect bacteremia and look for the risks associated to type of catheters and birth weight in the period 2005 to 2011, according to Chilean Ministry of Health’s surveillance. Results: We registered bacteremia associated to vascular devices in newborns considering birth weight between less than 1,000 g to more than 2,500 g from years 2005 and 2011. In the period, 4,704 patients were surveyed with 25,130 catheter days and 70 bacteremia were detected. The rates of bacteremia were 0.9 per 1,000 catheter days in peripheral catheters, 3.0 per 1000 catheter days in peripheral inserted central catheters and 9.6 per 1,000 catheter days in umbilical catheters (UC). On the other side the risk of bacteremia was 6.4% in newborns with birth weight less 1,000 g and 1.5% in newborns with birth weight over 2,500 g. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus was the most frequent isolate agents. Conclusions: The risk of developing bacteremia is associated with lower birth weight and the use of UC independent of weight.

Introducción: La bacteriemia asociada al uso de dispositivos intravasculares constituye la infección nosocomial más frecuente en las unidades de cuidado intensivo neonatal, asociándose a mayores costos y letalidad. Objetivo: Conocer el riesgo de bacteriemias relacionadas al uso de dispositivos intravasculares en recién nacidos hospitalizados, de acuerdo a su peso de nacimiento. Material y Métodos: Vigilancia epidemiológica de baeteriemia en neonatos con catéteres vasculares para asociarlos con los tipos de catéteres y el peso de nacimiento, durante el período 2005 a 2011, utilizando el sistema de vigilancia vigente en el país. Resultados: Se registraron las bacteriemias asociadas a dispositivos vasculares en neonatos considerando peso de nacimiento entre menos a 1.000 g a más de 2.500 g entre los años 2005 y 2011. Se vigilaron 4.704 pacientes con 25.130 días de uso de catéter y se detectaron 70 bacteriemias. La mayor utilización de la vía venosa fue por catéteres venosos periféricos. Las tasas de bacteriemias fueron de 0,9 por mil días catéter en venoso periférico, 3,0 en catéter central por vía percutánea y 9,6 en catéter umbilical (CU). El riesgo de bacteriemia fue de 6,4% en los neonatos de peso < 1.000 g y 1,5% en > 2.500 g. Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa fue el agente más frecuentemente aislado. Conclusiones: El riesgo de desarrollar bacteriemia se asoció a menor peso de nacimiento y a la utilización de CU en forma, independiente del peso.

Disseminated Mycobacterium fortuitum Infection Associated with Venous Access Device.

Mycobacterium fortuitum is an important opportunistic pathogen among the rapidly growing Mycobacteria. Disseminated disease occurs as a consequence of bacteremia linked to vascular catheters, which carry high morbidity and mortality when they occur in immuno-compromised patients. Conventional culture methods often miss these organisms since they may grow more slowly (after 48 h) and are dismissed as skin contaminants because of their morphological resemblance to diphtheroids on grams staining. We report a case of 10 months old child with primitive neuroectodermal tumor who developed disseminated disease with M. fortuitum that was related to an indwelling intravascular device. The isolates were confirmed as M. fortuitum by polymerase chain reaction based DNA sequencing targeting heat shock protein 65 gene. The child was treated with, rifampicin, ethambutol and azithromycin. The patient improved remarkably and became afebrile 2 days after institution of therapy and removal of the catheter. The treatment was given for 3 months.